Chapter 20（第20章）.pdf

Free Study Guide for Cracolice • Peters Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach Second Edition /chemistry Chapter 20 Chemical Equilibrium Chapter 20–Assignment A: Chemical Equilibrium. What is it? Virtually everything you encounter, including your own bodily processes and senses, the color and smell of a flower, and the formation of mountains, is the result of one or more equilibrium reactions. Equilibrium exists, you will recall from Chapters 15 and 16, when reversible reactions occur at equal rates. In this chapter, we look at chemical equilibria more closely. Look for the following big ideas: 1) Chemical equilibria are dynamic. The opposing rates are equal, but they are not zero, even though you see no visible changes. Equilibria exist only in closed systems. In a closed system, no matter is lost. 2) All chemical reactions start with molecular collisions, but not all molecular collisions give a chemical reaction. 3) An energy-reaction graph shows potential energies of reactants, activated complex, and products in a reaction, and the activation energy as the reaction proceeds in either direction. 4) Reaction rates are higher at higher temperatures because a larger fraction of the sample has enough kinetic energy to participate in reaction-producing collisions. The energy of collision must be enough to overcome the mutual repulsion of each reactants valence electrons. 5) A catalyst increases reaction rate by providing an alternative reaction path with a lower activation energy. 6) Collisi