Coding and Error Control Northeastern （编码和错误控制东北）.pdf

Coding and Error Control Coping with Transmission Errors  Error detection codes o Detects the presence of an error  Error correction codes, or forward correction codes (FEC) o Designed to detect and correct errors o Widely used in wireless networks  Automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols o Used in combination with error detection/correction o Block of data with error is discarded o Transmitter retransmits that block of data Error Detection Probabilities  Probability of single bit error (BER)  Probability that a frame arrives with no bit errors = (1 - BER)F  Probability that a frame arrives with undetected errors (residual error rate)  Probability that a frame arrives with one or more detected bit errors Error Detection Process  Transmitter o For a given frame, an error-detecting code (check bits) is calculated from data bits o Check bits are appended to data bits  Receiver o Separates incoming frame into data bits and check bits o Calculates check bits from received data bits o Compares calculated check bits against received check bits o Detected error occurs if mismatch Parity Check  Parity bit appended to a block of data  Even parity o Added bit ensures an even number of 1s Odd parity o Added bit ensures an odd number of 1s  Example, 7-bit character [1110001] o Even parity o Odd parity Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) Transmitter o For a k-bit block, transmitter generates an (n- k)-bit frame check sequence (FCS) o Resulting frame of n bits is exactly divisible by predetermined number  Receiver o Divides incoming frame by predetermined number o If no remainder, assumes no error CRC using Modulo 2 Arithmetic  Exclusive-OR (XOR) operation  Parameters: • T = n-bit frame to be transmitted • D = k-bit block of data;