1406CellStructFunct课件.ppt

Cell Structure and Function Microscopes Anton Leeuwenhoek invented the microscope in the late 1600’s, which first showed that all living things are composed of cells. Also, he was the first to see microorganisms. Cell Structure In 1655, the English scientist Robert Hooke coined the term “cellulae” for the small box-like structures he saw while examining a thin slice of cork under a microscope. Cell Theory In 1838 – 1839, German scientists Schleiden and Schwann, proposed the first 2 principles of the cell theory: All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Cells are the smallest living units of all living organisms. 15 years later, the German physician Rudolf Virchow proposed the third principle: Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell. Basic Cell Structure All cells have the following basic structure: A thin, flexible plasma membrane surrounds the entire cell that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surrounding The interior is filled with a semi-fluid material called the cytoplasm. At some point, all cells contain DNA, the heritable material that directs the cell’s activities Also inside some cells are specialized structures called organelles. Cell Theory The cell is the lowest level of structure that is capable of performing all the activities of life. Regulate its internal environment. Take in and use energy. Respond to its local environment. Develop and maintain its complex organization. Divide to form new cells. Cell Characteristics Two major kinds of cells - prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells - can be distinguished by their structural organization. Eukaryotic cells - Contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a DNA-containing nucleus Prokaryotic cells - Lack such organelles The cells of the microorganisms called bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic. All other forms of life have the more complex eukaryotic cells The Cell Multicellular Organisms Some organisms consist of a single cells, others ar