Chapter 7 alkyl halide Ionic Reactions---Nucleophilic substitution and课件.pptVIP

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Chapter 7 alkyl halide Ionic Reactions---Nucleophilic substitution and课件.ppt

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Chapter 7 alkyl halide Ionic Reactions---Nucleophilic substitution and课件

Chapter 7 alkyl halides; Alkyl halide: a compound containing a halogen atom covalently bonded to an sp3 hybridized carbon atom given the symbol RX;Ionic Reactions---Nucleophilic substitution and elimination reactions of alkylhalides;Table 6.1 Carbon-halogen bond lengths;Vinyl halides (卤代乙烯） or phenyl halides （卤代苯基）;6.2 Physical properties of organic halides;6.3 Reaction Mechanisms;6.3A Homolysis and heterolysis of covalent bonds (共价键的均裂和异裂）;6.3B Reactive intermediates in organic chemistry;Heterolysis of a bond can lead either to a trivalent carbon cation or carbon anion;6.3C Ionic reactions (离子反应） and radical reactions（自由基反应or 游离基反应）;6.4 Nucleophilic substitution reactions (亲核取代反应）;Nucleophilic substitution reactions（亲核取代反应）;斥调路飞咯浦渠叼诛畸钩婉毫尧哟拴鲁趴引取舀舆宿忘椽各铀王旨湿堪懦Chapter 7 alkyl halide Ionic Reactions---Nucleophilic substitution and课件Chapter 7 alkyl halide Ionic Reactions---Nucleophilic substitution and课件;6.5 Nucleophiles [nju:kliefail]n.[化]亲核试剂;Specific Example;6.5 A Leaving groups (离去基团）;6.7 Kinetics of a nucleophilic substitution reaction: An SN2 reaction;6.8 A mechanism for the SN2 reaction（SN2的反应机理）;SN2 Reaction;6.9 Transition state theory: Free-energy diagrams (SN2);Fig 6.6 A potential energy diagram for the reaction of methyl chloride with hydroxide ion at 60 oC;Fig 6.3 A free-energy diagram for a hypothetical reaction with a positive free- energy change;6.10 The stereochemistry of SN2 reactions In SN2 reaction the nucleophile attacks from the backside, that is, from the side directly opposite the leaving group. This mode of attack causes a change in the configuration of the carbon atom that is the object of nucleophilic attack;SN2 reaction------a configuration inversion;SN2 reactions always lead to inversion of configuration;6.11 The reaction of tert-butyl chloride with hydroxide ion: An SN1 reaction;6.12 A mechanism for the SN1 reaction (multistep reactions);Fig 6.8 A free-energy diagram for the SN1 reaction of tert-butyl chloride