chapter2- Atoms and Nuclei课件.pptVIP

NUCLEAR ENERGY;CHAPTER 2 Atoms and Nuclei  （原子与原子核）;2.1 ATOMIC THEORY（原子理论）;There are more than l00 known elements. Each is given an atomic number (原子序数) in the periodic table of the elements (元素周期表)– examples are hydrogen (H) l, helium (He) 2, oxygen (O) 8, and uranium (U) 92. The symbol Z is given to the atomic number, which is also the number of electrons in the atom and determines its chemical properties (性质). The atomic weight (原子质量) M is the weight in grams of a definite (明确的) number of atoms, 6.02 ? 1023 , which is Avogadro’s number (阿佛伽德罗常数), Na.;We can easily find the number of atoms per cubic centimeter (每立方厘米) in a substance if its density ? in grams per cubic centimeter is known. This procedure (程序, 手续) can be expressed as a convenient (便利的) formula for finding N, the number per cubic centimeter for any material;Substances in the gaseous state (气态) are described approximately by the perfect gas law 理想气体规律(方程), relating pressure, volume, and absolute temperature (绝对温度), pV=nkT. An increase in the temperature of the gas due to heating causes greater molecular motion, which results in an increase of particle bombardment (n 炮击；轰击) of a container wall and thus of pressure on the wall. The particles of gas, each of mass m, have a variety of speeds v in accord with Maxwell’s gas theory (麦克斯韦气体理论) as shown in Fig. 2.1.;每单位速度的分子个数;The most probable speed(最概然速率), at the peak of Maxwellian distribution (麦克斯韦分布) , is dependent on temperature according to the relation (关系式)……. The kinetic theory of gas ( 气体动力学) provides a basis for calculating properties such as the specific heat (比热). Using the fact from Chapter 1 that the average energy of gas molecules is proportional (成比例的) to the temperature, , we can deduce (推想), that the specific heat of a gas consisting only of atoms is , where m is the mass of one atom. ;2.3 THE ATOM AND LIGHT(原子与光);The measured (有规则的) distribution of light among the different wavelengths (波长) at a cert