Chapter_Two_phonetics_and_phonology课件.pptVIP

Chapter 2 Phonetics and Phonology Part 1 Phonetics What’s phonetics? Phonetics is the general study of the characteristics of speech sounds. 1. Branches of phonetics Speech Speech Production Perception (speaker A) (speaker B) Organs of speech A. The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe, 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity B. The oral cavity: 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue C. Nasal cavity: 15 2.2.4 Classification of English Speech sounds A dichotomy of English speech sounds: 1. Vowels(20): Speech sounds which are produced with no obstruction whatsoever of the vocal tract, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air can be perceived. 2. Consonants(24): Speech sounds which are produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede, or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. 2.2.4.1 Classification of English consonants 1. In terms of manner of articulation: A. stops/plosives: [p][b][t][d][k][g] B. fricatives:[f, v, s, z, ?, ?, θ, e, h] C. affricates (塞擦音) : [t?, d?] D. approximants(通音)：[w, j, r] E. nasals: [m, n, ?] F. lateral [l] Classification of English consonants 2. In term of place of articulation: A. bilabial: [p, b, m, w] B. labiodental: [f, v] C. dental: [θ, e] D. alveolar(齿龈): [t, d, s, z, n, l, r] E. palatal(硬腭): [?, ?, t?, d?, j] F. velar(软腭): [k, g, ?] G. glottal(声门): [h] Classification of English consonants 3. In terms of the state of the vocal cords: A. voiced: consonants produced when the vocal cords are closed, and the air-stream causes them to vibrate again each other. B. voiceless: consonants produced when vocal cords are apart, and air passes through easily. Classification of English vowels A dichotomy 1. Monophthongs: individual vowels 2. Diphthongs: vowel