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西方哲学概论-Kant
西方哲学概论Introduction to Western Philosophy 外国语学院 林允清 ylin@buaa.edu.cn Immanuel Kant (康德) Kant (1724 – 1804) Bridged the gap between rationalism and empiricism Proposed that we must have a priori (先天)knowledge, in order to have experience and a posteriori (后天)knowledge Most important philosophy books Critique of Pure Reason (1781.1787) Critique of Practical Reason (1788)(道德) Critique of Judgment (1790)(美学) Brief account of Critique of Pure Reason Research situation on Kant Brief account of Critique of Pure Reason Distinctions between analytic (分析)vs. synthetic (综合)statement a priori (先天)vs. a posteriori (后天)statement Explanation of knowledge acquisition Faculty of sensibility (知性) Faculty of understanding(理性) Faculty of imagination(想象) … Transcendental deduction ... ... DistinctionsAnalytic vs. synthetic Analytic statement (e.g. A is B) A is contained in B E.g. all bodies are extended “body” is contained in “extension” Just by analyzing the sentence, we can see that it has to be true Such a statement says little, is not substantial knowledge Synthetic statement (A is B) B is not contained in A E.g. “All bodies are heavy” “body” is not contained in “heavy” Such a statement is substantial knowledge A priori vs. a posteriori A priori Needs not be based on experience A posteriori Must be based on experience II. Explanation of knowledge acquisition Humans have the following faculties Faculty of sensibility (知性) Faculty of understanding(理性) Faculty of imagination(想象) … Through these faculties, we get experience and knowledge 2.1 Faculty of sensibility Sense organs gives intuitions (直觉) In each intuition, there is a manifold (杂多) of representations(表现) E.g. whiteness, hardness, round, fusibility (very similar to Locke’s “simple ideas”) Two pure forms of sensibility Space time We cannot have intuitions without space or time Space and time are in us 2.2 Faculty of understanding The intuitions given by sensibility are messy, unordered, scattered They must be p
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