西方文化第二个问题.ppt

* Question 2:Choose one representative character from German classical philosophers and make a brief remark on his contribution to the later social or cultural development. Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is widely considered to be a central figure of modern philosophy. He argued that fundamental concepts structure human experience, and that reason is the source of morality. His thought continues to have a major influence in contemporary thought, especially the fields of metaphysics（形而上学）, epistemology（认识论）, ethics, political philosophy, and aesthetics（美学）. ? Critique of Pure Reason纯粹理性批判? Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics? Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?? Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals? Critique of Practical Reason实践理性批判? Critique of Judgment判断力批判? Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason? The Metaphysics of Morals  Major works The Critique of Pure ReasonKant defines his theory of perception（知觉） in his influential 1781 work The Critique of Pure Reason, which has often been cited as the most significant volume of metaphysics and epistemology in modern philosophy. Kant maintains that ourunderstanding of the external world had its foundations not merely in experience, but in both experience and a priori concepts, thus offering a non-empiricist（非经验主义者） critique of rationalist（理性主义者） philosophy, which is what he and others referred to as his Copernican revolution. 《纯粹理性批判》的哲学要义首先，康德在《纯粹理性批判》的第一版序之中，阐明了对理性进行批判的必要性首先在于确定一般形而上学是可能还是不可能，以及规定源流、范围和界限。但是康德于第二版序之中，反而不是着重于进行理性批判的条件，而是改变了知识与对象的关系：“不是知识依照对象，而是对象依照知识”，这一新概念，导致康德发动了哲学界中的“哥白尼式革命”。 The Critique of Practical Reason is the second of Immanuel Kants three critiques, first published in 1788. It follows on from Kants Critique of Pure Reason and deals with his moral philosophy. The second Critique exercised a decisive influence over the subsequent（先前的） development of the field of ethics and moral philosophy,