化工专业英语 unit 9 polymers课件.pptVIP

Unit 9 Polymers;Unit 9 Polymers;Teaching plan for Unit 9;Prelude ; No distinction is made between biopolymers and synthetic polymers. Indeed many of the early synthetic polymers were based upon naturally occurring polymers, e.g. celluloid (cellulose nitrate), vulcanization(硫化) of rubber, rayon (人造纤维)(cellulose acetate).;; The definition of a polymer is: “a substance, —R—R—R—R— or, in general：—[R]n—， where R is a bifunctional（两功能的） entity（实体） (or bivalent二价的 radical) which is not capable of a separate existence”, Where n is the degree of polymerization, DPn .; This definition excludes（排除） simple organic and inorganic compounds, e.g. CH4, NaCl, and also excludes materials like diamond（金钢石）, silica（硅胶） and metals（金属） which appear to have the properties of polymers, but are capable of being vaporized（蒸发） into monomer units.; The molecular weight (MW) (strictly relative molecular mass) can be obtained from the MW of the monomer (or repeat unit) multiplied（乘以） by n. Thus the MW of CH4 or NaCl is 18 or 58.5 respectively, whereas the MW of a polymer can be 100. When the value of n is small, say 2-20, the substances are called oligomers（低聚体）, often these oligomers are capable of further polymerizations and are then referred to （被提到）as macromers（大分子单体）.; By definition（按照定义；当然地；明显地 ）, 1 mole of a polymer contains 6×1022 polymer molecules and therefore 1mole = MW of the polymer in grams, which, in theory, can be106g. However, by convention（按照惯例）, 1g mole usually refers to the MW of the repeat unit; thus 1g mole of polyethylene –(CH2)n- is taken as 14g ( the end groups, being negligible（可以忽略的）, are ignored（忽略）).; A polymer with a MW of 107, if fully extended, should have a length of ~1mm and a diameter of ~ 0.5 nm. This is equivalent in size to uncooked spaghetti (意大利式细面条) ~ 2km in length. However, in reality（事实上）, in bulk（散装的） polymers the chain is never fully extended——a random coil configuration（随机盘绕构型） is adopted s