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Chapter 17 Cosmogenic isotopes Cosmogenic isotopes: also called “terrestrial in situ cosmogenic nuclide” -TCN Early time (mid-20th century) 14C was in use (C-bearing bodies:50 ky). Last 10 years, application of TCN on geology has been advanced. The reason: instrumental improvement (AMS: 106 atoms) How are TCN generated? Primary cosmic rays react with nucleus in atmosphere and generate secondary rays: mainly neutrons and protons, and muon as well. These secondary rays have nuclear reaction with certain elements ( 56 atomic number) in minerals on earth’s surface and produce TCN : mainly 3 kinds of nuclear reactions: spallation, thermal neutron capture and muon-induced. The former two are major reactions on surface and muon-induced reaction becomes dominant as increase of depth. Spallation : 16O (n,4p3n) 10Be; 16O (n,2pn) 14C; 28Si(n,p2n) 26Al; Muon-induced: 16O (μ-1, αpn) 10Be; 16O (μ-1,2p) 10Be; 28Si (μ-1,2n) 26Al; 39K (μ-1,p2n) 36Cl 3He、10Be、14C、21Ne、26Al and 36Cl are major TCN in use. 10Be and 26Al are often-seen TCNs. These push the age dating limit from 50 ky (use 14C) to 107 Minerals in use: Qtz, Pl, Hor, Ol, Pyx. Whole-rock for 36Cl. However, Qtz is the most useful mineral in TCN study of geology. Why? What TCN can do in geology? reconstructing Q ice volume fluctuation; dating of volcanic events; time control on paleoseismic events; surface uplift rate; incision rate; erosion rate, soil development and landscape evolution; surficial processes over the full range of climate settings; 1) Beyond Plate Tectonics: Rheology and Orogenesis of the Continents; 2) The Missing Link: From Earthquakes to Orogenesis; 3) Dynamic Interactions between Tectonics, Climate, and Earth Surface Processes; 4) Co-evolution of Earth and Life. Determination of TCN production rate (atom g-1 yr –1; atom mole-1 yr –1 ): direct geological method; experimental approach in lab; digital modelling Factors controlling the rate: vary spacially and tempora