从国家区域创新到全球化系统创新.doc

3.4 From national and regional to global systems of innovation 从国家/区域创新到全球化系统创新 The notion of a ‘national system of innovation’ (NSI) is one of the most important conceptual developments to emerge from IS. It shifted attention from the previous focus on individual innovation actors (e.g. firms, universities, public research labs) to the links and interactions between the various actors making up the national innovation system. Subsequent research has extended the concept to regional systems of innovation and to sectoral systems of innovation, and some scholars have explored the interactions between those different systems. 不得不说，“国家层面的系统创新”这一概念的提出是创新研究的一个重要突破：研究创新者从之前关注个别的创新主体（如企业，大学，实验室）转向研究不同创新主体间的互动与链接，进而将这种互动推广到国家层面，将一国范围内的创新视为一个有机的整体来研究。这种研究方法被推广之后：人们开始研究区域层面和行业层面的创新系统等。 However, at the time this focus was justified in terms of most RD being nationally focused, with most companies (even multi-national ones) conducting RD primarily in their home country. The key players with regard to innovation are multi-national corporations, who increasingly operate on a global scale, not just in manufacturing, but more recently with regard to innovation and RD as well. In so doing, they have begun to forge links between previously separate national systems of innovation (Narula Zanfei, 2005). At the same time, the economic system has become more globalised and various mechanisms of global governance have emerged. 创新的合作与互动已经超出了一国之范围，如跨国公司的研发机构越来越“去母国化”，而是进行全球布局和全球合作。同时，全球的经济体也在全球化浪潮下连接的更加紧密。 Hence, we may now be seeing the emergence of global systems of innovation in some sectors (Christensen et al, 2005). The challenge to IS researchers is to identify, map and analyses these global systems of innovation and their interactions with national and regional systems (Lundvall, 2007; Soete et al., 2010). This will surely yield important policy implications, just as the development of the NSI concept originally did, not least as we are confronted by ever more urgent global challenge