Nucleus structure and function核的结构和功能.ppt

Nucleus: structure and function Nuclear envelope and lamina Nuclear lamina Lamins are filamentous proteins in the intermediate filament family Nuclear pore nuclear localization signals (nuclear import signals) nuclear export signals highly regulated Mitochondria(on) Inner Membrane and matrix Endosymbiotic theory: Mitochondria are similar to prokaryotes Own circular, naked DNA Own ribosomes - similar to prokaryotic e.g. sensitive to same inhibitors Divide by fission Double membrane suggests endocytosis Lysosomes: membranous organelles filled with digestive enzymes Breakdown endocytosed materials Thru’ phagocytosis or receptor mediated endocytosis Breakdown old organelles (residual body) Acidic pH Phagocytosis vs. Autophagy Membrane trafficking Rough endoplasmic reticulum Rough Endoplasmic reticulum Signal hypothesis: signal peptide, SRP, SRP-receptor, translocon Smooth ER, lipid synthesis, detox, Ca2+ sequestration Golgi Transport thru’ Golgi cisternae is vectorial Protein modifications occur in steps in the Golgi. The extent of changes varies. Glycosylation Sorting at the TGN Receptor Mediated endocytosis Plasma membrane Fluid mosaic model Phospholipids are most common in membranes phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol Thermodynamics drives membranes to form sealed compartments Fluidity means that lipids ( proteins) can “float” in the membrane via diffusion Three classes of membrane proteins: Transmembrane proteins (a type of IMP) Three classes of membrane proteins: Lipid-anchored membrane proteins (IMPs) Three classes of membrane proteins: Peripheral membrane proteins (PMPs) IMPs as a-helix or b-barrel Selective permeability Osmosis causing cell lysis. Four mechanisms by which solute molecules move ACROSS membranes Membrane Potential Affects Molecular Movement Passive transport by channel proteins: don’t bind solute can be ligand-, voltage-, or stress-gated Passive Transport by Facilitated diffusion Kinetics of carrier-mediated transport Active transpo