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List three geometric features distinguishing atoms connected by a covalent bond versus those connected by a weak bond. How might these differences come into play when two macromolecules interact? The strength of the bond ( covalent H:H 0.74?, H-H in van der Waals bond 1.2?) Bond angle: covalent bond angles are fixed (a carbon atom with four covalent bonds, tetrahedral 109°, weak bond angels are more variable Freedom of rotation: single covalent band permits free rotation, double or triple are rigid, weaker bonds are less rigid (ionic bonds have no restriction on the relative orientations of bonded atoms) (4)directional weak bond:In aqueous solutions, the average energy of a secondary bond is strong enough to make the secondary bond with other molecules ( the free energy equation) Organic molecules tending to form hydrogen bonds are water soluble Hydrophobic “bonds” stabilize macromolecules Weak bonds attach enzymes to substrates Weak bonds mediate most protein-DNA and protein-protein interactions covalent bond: primary Structure 2．Which is more likely to involve the most significant loss of free energy: the hybridization of two 100 base-pair stretches of single-stranded DNA to form a double helix, an enzyme binding to its substrate, or an antibody binding to an antigen? Explain your answer. This process to form hydrogen bonds, more energy is required. The hybridization of the two strands of DNA would involve the greatest loss of free energy. Enzyme-substrate interactions involve many fewer weak bonds, which makes sense because this interaction is transitory短暂的 by nature. Antibody-antigen interactions are typically more extensive, and thus stronger, but still involve only a handful of specific interactions. Hybridization of two DNA molecules yields the most free energy, as energy is provided by at least two hydrogen bonds formed per base pair as well as by the stacking interactions between adjacent bases. 3．What happens to the level of free energy during a spont