八年级下册生物复习资料（Eight grade biology review）.doc

八年级下册生物复习资料（Eight grade biology review） Seventh unit, Chapter 1 biological reproduction and development I. reproduction of plants 1. sexual reproduction: the mode of reproduction by which a fertilized egg develops into a new individual. For example, the seed reproduces (by flowering, pollination and bears fruit, and by the seed of the fruit to reproduce the offspring) (the egg cell in the ovule combines with the sperm in the pollen to form the fertilized egg embryo to seed) 2. asexual reproduction: without the union of bisexual cells, the female directly produces new individuals. Examples: cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture 3., the key to grafting: the scion and rootstock formation layer close combination, to ensure survival Two reproduction and development of insects 1. complete metamorphosis: in the process of development from fertilized eggs into new individuals, the structure and life habits of larvae and adults vary greatly, which is called metamorphosis development, eggs, larvae, pupae, adults. Examples: silkworms, bees, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitoes 2. incomplete metamorphosis: eggs, nymphs, adults. For example: grasshoppers, cicadas, crickets, cricket, mantis Three reproduction and development of Amphibians 1. metamorphosis development: egg, tadpole, juvenile frog, adult frog 2. characteristics: laying eggs, fertilized in vitro. Four, the reproduction and development of birds 1. process: nesting, courtship, mating, oviposition, hatching and brooding stages. 2. features: eggs fertilized in vivo The structure of 3. eggs: one is an egg yolk. That contains the nucleus. - protective effects of eggshell and shell membrane, protein, nutrition and protection, yolk nutrition effect. Blastodermic - places of embryonic development. The second chapter: heredity and variation of Biology Heredity: refers to the similarity between parents and children. Variation: refers to the difference between offspring and parents. Genes control biological traits 1 b