概述以及联合国教科文组织统计研究所UIS-北京统计局.PPT

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * OM, p. 33 * OM, p. 33 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 创新的类型 – 例子 一家餐厅的创新: 产品创新：开始送货上门（新的服务）； 工艺创新：新型烤箱（在生产流程中使用的新设备）； 组织创新：新成立外卖部门（新的组织单位/模式）； 营销创新：广告宣传（运用新媒体推广送货服务）。 注. 来源： 改编自Heinlo, A. （2011年）。《测量爱沙尼亚的研究、开发和创新 》哈萨克斯坦，阿拉木图，科学和科技指标研讨会。（PPT） Exercise… Exercise 1: Types of Innovation 练习…… 练习一： 创新的类型 Thank you for your attention! m.schaaper@ 谢谢您的关注！ m.schaaper@ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * From this definition it is evident that the crucial element in identifying RD is the presence of an element of creativity and innovation. This common character is shared both by scientific research and by experimental development. In order to identify properly these two activities, the essential elements which characterize them are set forth: i) the element of creativity ii) the element of innovation; iii) the use of scientific methods; iv) the generation of new knowledge. A scientific activity may be defined as scientific research only if these four elements are present. * From this definition it is evident that the crucial element in identifying RD is the presence of an element of creativity and innovation. This common character is shared both by scientific research and by experimental development. In order to identify properly these two activities, the essential elements which characterize them are set forth: i) the element of creativity ii) the element of innovation; iii) the use of scientific methods; iv) the generation of new knowledge. A scientific activity may be defined as scientific research only if these four elements are present. * * * Education and training: but PhD research included Other science and technology activities: ST information services, general purpose data collection, testing, feasibility studies, patent and licence work, policy related studies, routine software development Other industrial activities: (many innovation) acquisition of technology, tooling up, industrial engineering, de