2011秋季学期 新兴材料(双语)Advanced Materials 01190690 08级 Chapter 2.pptVIP

新兴材料（双语）Advanced Materials ;Chapter 2 Ceramics and glasses ;Uniqueness of ceramic materials;How to classify ceramics ? Ceramics may be generally classified, according to type or function, in various ways: In industrial terms In chemical terms In microstructural terms emphasize the structure-property relations;In industrial terms, they may be listed as:;Using chemical composition as a basis, it is possible to classify ceramics into five main categories:;Oxides;Carbides ( Nitrides);Silicates;Sialons;It is scientically appropriate to classify ceramic materials in microstructural terms, in the following manner :;- Glass-free polycrystalline aggregates e.g. ultrapure ‘zero-porosity’ Al2O3, MgO and BeO;The constituent atoms in a ceramic are held together by very strong bonding forces which may be ionic, covalent or a mixture of the two.;Direct consequences;Excellent compressive strength To ensure the forces during service are compressive is essentially important;Why testing methods with uniaxial loading as used for metals cannot be applied ? Difficult to ensure uniaxiality Unwanted bending stresses induced by slight misalignment of the machine grips could not be eliminated;High stiffness [modulus of elasticity, E (GPa)]Primary design considerationThe amount of stress necessary to produce unit elastic strain;Low reactivity in hot oxidizing environments Already in highest state of oxidation;Chapter 2 Ceramics and glasses ;Characterization of the powdersin terms of their physical/chemical properties;Solid-state reaction routetypical example: Acheson process for SiC productiondetails see §2.4.5;Energy-intensive and costlyhigh temperaturesfine grinding;Bayer processsolution-treatment method for the production of fine Al2O3 ceramic powders;Solutions;Sol–gel approachsol-gel = solution to gelation;Three key stages of a typical sol–gel process;The final properties of advanced ceramics extremely sensitive