unit8测量中的误差.docVIP

Unit 8 Errors in Measurement （测量工作中的误差） Measurements are defined as observations made to determine unknown quantities. （测量被定义为确定未知量【quantity】的观测） They may be classified as either direct or indirect. （它们可以被分为直接观测和间接观测） A direct measurement is one where the reading observed represents the quantity measured, without a need to add, take averages or use geometric formulas to compute the value desired. （直接观测就是观测读数即代表了【represent代表、描述】测量量，不需要另外加、取平均或利用几何【geometric几何的】公式【formulas】来计算出所需【desired想得到的】值。） Determining the distance between two points by making a direct measurement using a graduated tape is an example of direct measurement. （用一把刻度尺直接确定两点之间的距离，就是一个直接观测的例子） An indirect measurement requires calculation and can be determined from its mathematical relationship to direct measurements when it is not possible or practical to make direct measurements. （间接观测需要计算，当直接观测是不可能或不实际【practical实际的】时 ，可以利用它与直接观测量之间的数学关系来确定。） For example, station coordinates can be mathematically computed by measuring angles and lengths of lines between points directly. （例如，测点【station测点】坐标可以由直接测得的点之间直线的角度和长度来计算） Therefore the indirect measurements (computed station coordinates) contain errors that were present in the original direct observations and propagated (distributed) by the computational process. （因此，这个间接测量值（计算出的测点坐标）包含了初始【original】直接观测出现【present】的和由计算过程传播【propagate】（散播的）的误差。）【that 后面全都是修饰errors的】 This distribution of errors is known as error propagation. （这种误差的散播被认为【be known as被称为】误差传播） Also, it is the indirect nature of measurements that forces the need to often apply some rather sophisticated mathematical procedures to analysis of errors and thus determine a “best value” to represent the size of the quantity. （同样，间接测量的特性需要【forces the need to使……成为需要】经常应用一些更复杂的数学方法【procedure】来分析误差并从而确定“最佳值”来代替【represent代替、代表、扮演、表现】测量值的大小） It can be stated unconditionally that all measurements, no matter how carefully executed, will contain error, and so the true value of a measurement is never known, and the e