combinatorics of geometrically distributed random variables new -tangent and -secant numbers几何分布的随机变量的组合新切线和割线数字.pdfVIP

Internat. J. Math. Math. Sci. Vol. 24, No. 12 (2000) 825–838 S016117120000443 © Hindawi Publishing Corp. COMBINATORICS OF GEOMETRICALLY DISTRIBUTED RANDOM VARIABLES: NEW q-TANGENT AND q-SECANT NUMBERS HELMUT PRODINGER (Received 1 November 1 ) Abstract. Up-down permutations are counted by tangent (respectively, secant) numbers. Considering words instead, where the letters are produced by independent geometric dis- tributions, there are several ways of introducing this concept; in the limit they all coincide with the classical version. In this way, we get some new q-tangent and q-secant functions. Some of them also have nice continued fraction expansions; in one particular case, we could not find a proof for it. Divisibility results à la Andrews, Foata, Gessel are also discussed. Keywords and phrases. Tangent numbers, secant numbers, alternating permutations, geo- metric distribution, q-analogues. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 05A15, 05A30. 1. Introduction. Permutations π = π π ···π are called up-down permutations 1 2 n if π1 π2 π3 π4 π5 ···. For odd n, their number is given by n![zn ]tan z, and for even n by n![zn ]secz (cf. [8, 9]). Instead of speaking about exponential generating functions, we prefer to think of the coefficients of tan z and sec z as probabilities. This paper introduces several q-analogues of the functions tan z and sec z. Some are classical (cf. [8, 12]), but the others seem to be new. If we consider words a1a2 ···an with letters in {1, 2,... } with probabilities (weights) p,pq,pq2 ,..., where p+q = 1 (independent geometric probabilities), then there are sev- eral ways to introduce this concept. We can use or ≤ for