dampening inflammation by modulating tlr signalling通过调节tlr信号抑制炎症.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Mediators of Inflammation Volume 2010, Article ID 672395, 21 pages doi:10.1155/2010/672395 Review Article DAMPening Inflammation by Modulating TLR Signalling A. M. Piccinini and K. S. Midwood Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK Correspondence should be addressed to K. S. Midwood, k.midwood@imperial.ac.uk Received 27 November 2009; Accepted 20 April 2010 Academic Editor: Andrew Parker Copyright © 2010 A. M. Piccinini and K. S. Midwood. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) include endogenous intracellular molecules released by activated or necrotic cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that are upregulated upon injury or degraded following tissue damage. DAMPs are vital danger signals that alert our immune system to tissue damage upon both infectious and sterile insult. DAMP activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induces inflammatory gene expression to mediate tissue repair. However, DAMPs have also been implicated in diseases where excessive inflammation plays a key role in pathogenesis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), cancer, and atherosclerosis. TLR activation by DAMPs may initiate positive feedback loops where increasing tissue damage perpetuates pro-inflammatory responses leading to chronic inflammation. Here we explore the current knowledge about distinct signalling cascades resulting from self TLR activation. We also discuss the involvement of e