氮nitrogen是维持有较高作物产量与全球各地经济农业系统可行性的.DOC

水稻田對於豬糞尿氮污染涵容能力之分析－灌溉水質環境系統調查 Nitrogen Tolerance Capacity of Swine Waste in Paddy Fields 國立台灣大學生物環境系統工程學系 教授 研究助理 張文亮 王瑞君 Chang Wen-Lian Wang Jui-chun 中文摘要 在豬糞尿污染現場，進行水稻盆栽實驗，以含氮量低的地下水，不同比率稀釋受到養豬場排入的灌溉水，依照田間的水稻需水量灌溉與施肥量。盆栽土壤係用當地的砂質壤土，實驗進行中每星期排水一次。 經過三年的實驗，發現在含氮較高的盆栽，水稻初期最易呈現的是缺水，而後呈現鹽害，呈現氮害的癥狀不如前兩者顯著。田間實驗影響的因子多，不同試驗重覆的變異量較大，影響統計分析的顯著性。不過經過六期的耕作，平均7 mg/l的總氮量對於作物有顯著的影響。 在平均灌溉16.4 mg/l的含氮量，土壤滲漏水的含氮量始超過灌溉水標準3 mg/l，證明約76％的氮都經脫氮作用溢至大氣，但是現場無論任何實驗處理，滲出水的電導度在1962-2230 μS/cm之間，皆超過750μS/cm。 污染現場之養豬場排放水的電導度與含氮量，無法用已受污水影響且超過灌溉水質標準的灌溉水稀釋，用當地地下水稀釋約需12.5-44.2倍的稀釋，3.2-717.8倍的稀釋方能符合灌溉水質電導度與總氮量的標準。 Abstract This study is conducted by mixing groundwater and irrigation water polluted by swine waste with different ratios to cultivate rice in the field. Experimental soils is sandy loam. Experimental pots are drained once a week. Based on three years’ experiments, irrigation with higher nitrogen concentration from swine polluted water would cause rice water-deficit stress and then salinity-stress, and nitrogen stress is not significant in Duncan’s multiple range test. However, 7 mg/l total nitrogen in irrigation would have negative effect on the rice growth. Irrigate 16.4 mg/l average total nitrogen in pots would start to appear total nitrogen above 3.0 mg/l in drainage water. This result shows about 76% of nitrogen is released from soil to atmosphere by denitrification. However, after irrigating, EC is between 1962 to 2230 μS/cm in different treatment, which are higher than 750μS/cm. EC and total nitrogen content effluent from swine sites were much higher than irrigation water standard. Polluted irrigation water could not dilute effluent. Using groundwater to dilute EC and total nitrogen standard, it will need to be diluted 12.5-44.2 time and 3.2-717.8, respectively. 一、前 言 (一)研究背景 歐美在一九六○年代就進入畜牧工業化，因此排泄與廢污水的問題比台灣更早發生。由於灌溉方式與系統的不同，歐美的畜牧業廢污水很少直接排入灌溉渠道，而是直接以涵管排入農地，或是經過運輸搬運到農地上施放。所以首先引起注意的環境困擾，並非在地面水，而是在經過土壤滲漏到地下含水層，而再抽取使用的地下水。所以在一九六○年代，就有探討硝酸鹽、氯鹽等無機離子在土壤剖面移動的機制（Nielsen and Biggar，1961