bark beetles, pityogenes bidentatus, orienting to aggregation pheromone avoid conifer monoterpene odors when flying but not when walking树皮甲虫,pityogenes bidentatus,定向聚集信息素避免针叶树单萜气味当飞行而不是走路时.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2012, Article ID 940962, 10 pages doi:10.1155/2012/940962 Research Article Bark Beetles, Pityogenes bidentatus, Orienting to Aggregation Pheromone Avoid Conifer Monoterpene Odors When Flying but Not When Walking John A. Byers US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, ARS, USDA, 21881 North Cardon Lane, Maricopa, AZ 85138, USA Correspondence should be addressed to John A. Byers, john.byers@ Received 17 December 2011; Revised 14 March 2012; Accepted 25 April 2012 Academic Editor: Brian T. Sullivan Copyright © 2012 John A. Byers. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Previous studies and data presented here suggest that odors from healthy host Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and nonhost Norway spruce (Picea abies), as well as major monoterpenes of these trees at natural release rates, significantly reduce the attraction of flying bark beetles, Pityogenes bidentatus, of both sexes to their aggregation pheromone components grandisol and cis-verbenol in the field, as tested by slow rotation of trap pairs. In contrast, P. bidentatus males and females walking in an open-arena olfactometer in the laboratory did not avoid monoterpene vapors at release rates spanning several orders of magnitude in combination with aggregation pheromone. The bark beetle may avoid monoterpenes when flying as a mechanism for avoiding nonhost species, vigorous and thus unsuitable host trees, as well as harmful resinous areas of hosts. Inhibition of this flight avoidance response in beetles after landing would allow them to initiate, or to find and enter, gallery holes with high monoterpene vapor concen