Embryology of the heart and the great vessels：的心脏和大血管的胚胎学.ppt

Clinical correlates Left superior vena cava: Persistence of the left anterior cardinal vein Obliteration of the common cardinal and anterior cardinal veins on the right Double superior vena cava: Persistence of the left anterior cardinal vein Failure of the right brachiocephalic vein to form Clinical correlates Double inferior vena cava: Left sacrocardinal vein remain connected to the left subcardinal vein Absence of the inferior cava : The right subcardinal vein fails to make the connection with the liver Conclusion The cardiovacular system is functionally important in development. It starts working when the embryo is between 200 to 400 microns thick. The cardiovascular system is radically remodeled at least four times ( Bilateral, central as a single pump, entire system of veins and some of the arteries regress, splits into two pumps, at birth the placental circulation is shut down and the pulmonary circulation opened up. The cardiovascular system is made up of splancnic mesoderm and neural crest cells ( cranial skeleton, adrenals,neurons, glia, ciliary body ) Three systems of veins empty into the sinus venosus ( vitelline, umbilical and cardinal system) The heart starts out with its venous side located caudally The heart and arterial trunk are split into the adult compartments by six septae Septum primum, septum secundum, AV septum, interventricular muscular and membranous septums, Aortico pulmonary bulbae or ridges References Langman’s Medical embryology, Eight edition, p 223 Electronic resources last accessed on 20/02/2012 http://www.embryology.ch/ / 3.16 * the caudal regions of the paired cardiac primordia merge except at their caudalmost ends. Simultaneously, the crescent part of the horseshoe-shaped area expands to form the future outflow tract and ventricular regions. Thus, the heart becomes a continuous expanded tube consisting of an inner endo