病理学2（Pathology 2）.docVIP

病理学2（Pathology 2） Section 1 adaptive change is generally characterized by atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia in morphology. I. atrophy: atrophy of normal organs and tissues, in which the volume of the stromal cells becomes smaller and decreases in number, causing organs or tissues to shrink. (two) cause of disease classification: 1.. Physiological atrophy: atrophy of thymus gland, atrophy of gonad after menopause and atrophy of organs in old age. 2. pathological atrophy: (1) systemic atrophy: chronic malnutrition, chronic wasting disease or obstruction of digestive tract. (2) partial atrophy: heart, cerebral atherosclerosis, plaque the vascular cavity becomes small, cause heart, brain and other organs atrophy; the poliomyelitis, due to damage of anterior horn motor neurons, the muscular atrophy; the limbs after fracture, with plaster fixation of limb, due to inactivity, muscle and bone atrophy. Two. The concept and types of hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. (I) the concept of hypertrophy 1.: enlargement of the volume of cells, tissues and organs is called hypertrophy. The material basis of mast is the increase of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and lysosomes in the cell, and the predominance of protein synthesis, which makes the organ even increase and meets the needs of environmental change. 2. types (1) compensatory hypertrophy: left ventricular hypertrophy, such as hypertension, hypertrophy of the contralateral kidney after unilateral nephrectomy. (2) endocrine hypertrophy: hypertrophy of mammary gland cell such as lactation; uterine smooth muscle hypertrophy during pregnancy. (two) hyperplasia 1. Concept: the increase in the number of parenchymal cells leads to the enlargement of tissues and organs called hyperplasia. 2. types (1) regenerative hyperplasia: the regeneration of hepatocytes after destruction of liver cells; the proliferation of epithelial cells around the chronic ulcer and the regeneration of renal tubular necro