antagonistic parent-offspring co-adaptation敌对的parent-offspring互相适应.pdfVIP

Antagonistic Parent-Offspring Co-Adaptation ¨ 1 2¤ 3 Mathias Kolliker *, Benjamin J. Ridenhour , Sabrina Gaba 1 Zoological Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland, 2 Department of Biology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, United States of America, 3 INRA, UMR1210 Biologie et Gestion des Adventices, Dijon, France Abstract Background: In species across taxa, offspring have means to influence parental investment (PI). PI thus evolves as an interacting phenotype and indirect genetic effects may strongly affect the co-evolutionary dynamics of offspring and parental behaviors. Evolutionary theory focused on explaining how exaggerated offspring solicitation can be understood as resolution of parent-offspring conflict, but the evolutionary origin and diversification of different forms of family interactions remains unclear. Methodology/Principal Findings: In contrast to previous theory that largely uses a static approach to predict how ‘‘offspring individuals’’ and ‘‘parental individuals’’ should interact given conflict over PI, we present a dynamic theoretical framework of antagonistic selection on the PI individuals obtain/take as offspring and the PI they provide as parents to maximize individual lifetime reproductive success; we analyze a deterministic and a stochastic version of this dynamic framework. We show that a zone for equivalent co-adaptation outcomes exists in which stable levels of PI can evolve and be maintained despite fast strategy transitions and ongoing co-evolutionary dynamics. Under antagonistic co-adaptation, cost- free solicitation can evolve as an adaptation to emerging preferences in parents. Conclusions/Sig