Les05-02-SQL99多表查询.ppt

生成笛卡尔乘积 Cartesian product: 20 x 8 = 160 rows EMPLOYEES (20 rows) DEPARTMENTS (8 rows) … … SELECT last_name, department_name FROM employees CROSS JOIN departments ; 创建交叉连接 CROSS JOIN子句生成两个表的笛卡尔乘积 … 总结 这结课的主要内容如下: 等值连接 非等值连接 外连接 自连接 交叉连接 自然连接 完全 (或者两边)外连接 Storing Information Every organization has some information needs. A library keeps a list of members, books, due dates, and fines. A company needs to save information about employees, departments, and salaries. These pieces of information are called data. Organizations can store data on various media and in different formats, such as a hard-copy document in a filing cabinet or data stored in electronic spreadsheets or in databases. A database is an organized collection of information. To manage databases, you need a database management system (DBMS). A DBMS is a program that stores, retrieves, and modifies data in databases on request. There are four main types of databases: hierarchical, network, relational, and (most recently) object relational. Relational Model The principles of the relational model were first outlined by Dr. E. F. Codd in a June 1970 paper titled “A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks.” In this paper, Dr. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems. The common models used at that time were hierarchical and network, or even simple flat-file data structures. Relational database management systems (RDBMS) soon became very popular, especially for their ease of use and flexibility in structure. In addition, a number of innovative vendors, such as Oracle, supplemented the RDBMS with a suite of powerful application development and user products, providing a total solution. Components of the Relational Model Collections of objects or relations that store the data A set of operators that can act on the relations to produce other relations Data integrity for accuracy and consistency For more information, see An Introduction to Database Systems, Eighth Edition (Addison-Wesl