Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer WHO（饮食、营养和预防癌症）.pdf

Public Health Nutrition: 7(1A), 187–200 DOI: 10.1079/PHN2003588 Diet, nutrition and the prevention of cancer 1, 2 3 1 Timothy J Key *, Arthur Schatzkin , Walter C Willett , Naomi E Allen , Elizabeth A Spencer1 and Ruth C Travis1 1Cancer Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK: 2Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer, Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, USA: 3Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA Abstract Objective: To assess the epidemiological evidence on diet and cancer and make public health recommendations. Design: Review of published studies, concentrating on recent systematic reviews, meta-analyses and large prospective studies. Conclusions and recommendations: Overweight/obesity increases the risk for cancers of the oesophagus (adenocarcinoma), colorectum, breast (postmenopausal), endometrium and kidney; body weight should be maintained in the body mass index range of 18.5-25 kg/m2, and weight gain in adulthood avoided. Alcohol causes cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and liver, and a small increase in the risk for breast cancer; if consumed, alcohol intake should not exceed 2 units/d. Aflatoxin in foods causes liver cancer, although its importance in the absence of hepatitis virus infections is not clear; exposure to aflatoxin in foods should be minimised. Chinese-style salted fish increases the risk for nasopharyngeal cancer, particularly i