Energy Conservation (Bernoulli’s Equation)（节能(伯努利方程)）.ppt

Energy Conservation (Bernoulli’s Equation) Energy Conservation (cont.) Energy Equation(cont.) Energy conservation (cont.) Energy conservation(cont.) Energy conservation (cont.) Frictional losses in piping system Energy Conservation (cont.) Energy Conservation (cont.) Energy Conservation(cont.) * Integration of Euler’s equation Bernoulli’s equation Flow work + kinetic energy + potential energy = constant p A Dx Under the action of the pressure, the fluid element moves a distance Dx within time Dt The work done per unit time DW/Dt (flow power) is It is valid for incompressible fluids, steady flow along a streamline, no energy loss due to friction, no heat transfer. Examples: Determine the velocity and mass flow rate of efflux from the circular hole (0.1 m dia.) at the bottom of the water tank (at this instant). The tank is open to the atmosphere and H=4 m H 1 2 p1 = p2, V1=0 Example: If the tank has a cross-sectional area of 1 m2, estimate the time required to drain the tank to level 2. h(t) 1 2 First, choose the control volume as enclosed by the dotted line. Specify h=h(t) as the water level as a function of time. 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 1 2 3 4 time (sec.) water height (m) 4 2.5e-007 h ( ) t 100 0 t Generalized energy concept: Energy added, hA (ex. pump, compressor) Energy extracted, hE (ex. turbine, windmill) Energy loss, hL (ex. friction, valve, expansion) pump turbine heat exchanger condenser hE hA hL, friction loss through pipes hL loss through elbows hL loss through valves Examples: Determine the efficiency of the pump if the power input of the motor is measured to be 1.5 hp. It is known that the pump delivers 300 gal/min of water. pump Z=15 in 1 2 Mercury (?m=844.9 lb/ft3) water (?w=62.4 lb/ft3) 1 hp=550 lb-ft/s hE=hL=0, z1=z2 6-in dia. pipe 4-in dia.pipe Q=300 gal/min=0.667 ft3/s=AV V1=Q/A1=3.33 ft/s V2=Q/A2=7.54 ft/s zo Example (cont.) P1 P2 Consider a laminar, fully developed circular pipe flow p P+dp ?w Darcy’s Equation: R: radius, D: diameter L: pi