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From SWOT TO TOWS Jimmy Guterman(从SWOT牵引吉米Guterman)
From SWOT to TOWS
Michael Watkins
SWOT analysis is arguably the most useful and certainly the most misunderstood framework for
conducting strategic analysis. I’ve observed many well‐intentioned facilitators attempt to use it and seen
them end up with groups that were frustrated, exhausted, or both.
The reason why this happens has to do with how the tool was developed and, critically, how it
was named. SWOT – which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats – was
originally developed by a research team at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) between 1960 and 1970.
They came up with the idea of simultaneously analyzing internal capabilities (strengths and weaknesses)
and developments in the external environment (threats and opportunities) in order to identify strategic
priorities and develop plans to address them.
Unfortunately the developers decided to name their method SWOT, with the implication that the
analysis should be carried out in that order – first internal strengths and weaknesses and then external
opportunities and threats. This has created no‐end of problems for those who seek to use the
methodology to drive strategy discussions in teams. The problem is that a discussion of organizational
strengths and weaknesses can very easily become abstract, undirected navel‐gazing in the absence of
something to anchor the discussion. The result is that groups often flail trying to define their
organization’s strengths and weaknesses, end up frustrated and exhausted and so give short shrift to
critical developments in the external environment.
The correct way to approach the analysis is to start
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