FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPULSION UPM（公司芬欧汇川集团推进基础）.pdf

FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPULSION Propulsion 1 Fundamentals 3 Energy needed for propulsion 4 Types of energy sources. Specific energy storage 7 Force needed for propulsion 8 Types of thrusters 9 Energy conversion devices 12 Types of practical engines 12 Heat engine thermodynamics 14 Engine parameters: testing-variables, design-variables, and functions 15 Hybrid propulsion 17 Type of hybrid vehicles 17 Thrust and advance speed 19 Propulsion efficiency 23 Specific fuel consumption. Specific thrust. Specific impulse 27 Other figures of merit in propulsion 30 Propulsion systems 32 Terrestrial propulsion 32 Marine propulsion 32 Aircraft propulsion 32 Space propulsion 32 Nozzles 32 Propellers 32 PROPULSION Propulsion (Lat. pro -pellere , push forward) is making a body to move (against natural forces), i.e. fighting against the natural tendency of relative-motion to decay. Motion is relative to an environment. Sometimes, propulsion is identified with thrust, the force pushing a body to move against natural forces, and one might say that propulsion is thrust (but thrust not necessary implies motion, as when pushing against a wall; on the other hand, propulsion implies thrust). Sometimes a distinction is made from propulsion (pushing) to traction (pulling), but, leaving aside internal stresses in the system (compression in the first case and tension in the latter), push and pull motions produces the same effect: making a body to move against natural forces. In other occasions traction is restricted to propulsion by shear forces on solid surfaces. The special case of creating aerodynamic thrust to just balance g