生物环境地理学风.pptxVIP

wind;1908年的一天，冯·卡门亲眼目睹了法尔芒打破记录的飞行。飞行结束后，冯·卡门从人群中挤过去，与飞行家之间有过一段精彩的对话。;Introduction 5.1 Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence 5.2 Wind as a Vector 5.3 Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed 5.4 Finding the Zero Plane Displacement and the Roughness Length 5.5 Wind Within Crop Canopies ;Introduction;A fourth property of the wind, less obvious to the casual observer, but essential to terrestrial life as we know it, is its effective mixing of the atmospheric boundary layer of the earth. 大气边界层 atmospheric boundary layer，指靠近地球表面、受地面摩擦阻力影响的大气层区域。是大气圈的最低层，其厚度与多种因素有关，从几百米至两千米，平均约为1 000m。 ;A similar calculation (Monteith, 1973) shows that photosynthesis in a normally growing crop would use all of the CO2 in a 30m air layer above a crop in a day, yet measured CO2 concentrations have diurnal fluctuations of 15 percent or less.;Without the vertical turbulent transport of heat, water vapor, CO2, oxygen, and other atmospheric constituents, the microenvironment we live in would be very inhospitable. ;The influence of the surface on the atmosphere of the earth can extend from hundreds of meters at night to several thousand meters during days when surface heating is strong. This depth of influence of the surface on the atmosphere is called the planetary boundary layer(行星边界层).在该层中会有动量变迁、热量变化和物质变化。行星边界层最下面的50m成为表层。在表层中，动量、热量、物质恒定，与高度有关；而风速、温度和浓度的廓线随高度呈对数增长。 ;In order to determine the force of the wind on, or the rate of heat transfer from living organisms, it is necessary to know the wind speed in the vicinity of the organism. This requires an understanding of the behavior of average wind in the surface boundary layer of the earth. The behavior of the wind, is dictated by rates of turbulent transfer in the surface boundary layer. ;5.1 Characteristics of Atmospheric Turbulence;The atmosphere is essentially always turbulent, or, in other words, characterized by random fluctuations in wind speed and direction caused by a swirling（漩涡） or eddy motion（涡旋运动） of the air. 大气形成的涡