操作系统的特征共享sharing-piazza.ppt

Chapter 1: Introduction What is an Operating System? Why study Operating Systems? What is an Operating System? “Like a government!” between a user of a computer and the computer hardware Operating system goals: Execute user programs and make solving user problems easier. Make the computer system convenient to use Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner What if we didn’t have an Operating System? 人工操作 用户独占全机 CPU等待人工操作 脱机输入/输出 What if only one application? What if only one application? 单道批处理系统 自动性 顺序性  单道性 资源（cpu,内存,I/O设备）利用率？ 系统吞吐量？ More complex OS: Multiple Apps Multi-programming (多道程序) Problem: Run multiple applications in such a way that they are protected from one another Goal: Keep User Programs from Crashing OS Keep User Programs from Crashing each other [Keep Parts of OS from crashing other parts?] (Some of the required) Mechanisms: Address Translation Dual Mode Operation Simple Policy: Programs are not allowed to read/write memory of other Programs or of Operating System Multi-programming (多道程序) 多道性 无序性 调度性 平均周转时间？ 交互能力？ 处理机/内存/I/O设备/文件/…管理？ Time-Sharing Systems–Interactive Computing The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory and on disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory) A job swapped in and out of memory to the disk On-line communication between the user and the system is provided When the operating system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next “control statement” from the user’s keyboard 多路性 独立性 及时性 交互性 Real-Time Systems Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, and some display systems Well-defined fixed-time constraints Real-Time systems may be either hard or soft real-time 实时控制 实时信息处理 可靠性 Real-Time Systems (Cont.) Hard real-time: Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory, or read-only memory (ROM) Conflicts with t