城居民社会网络的阶层构成-thisiswebserverforlewismumford.doc

城市居民社会网络的阶层构成* This paper analyzes the ego-centered social network composition of urban dwellers in China from a social class perspective. A random sample (n= 1004) questionnaire survey was conducted in the city areas of Beijing in the summer of 2000. The discussion name-generator approach was employed to measure peoples social network structures. Social class positions were divided into four levels on the basis of occupation, property rights, authority and skill: (1) professional/ administrator, (2) white collar, (3) small proprietor, and (4) working class. Results reveal that a persons social position affects the class composition of his/her social networks.? In Beijing, the class compositions of the professionals/administrators and the working class people are less heterogeneous than those of the white collar workers and small proprietors. People in all classes tend to make in-group choices, i.e., selecting discussion network members of similar class status.? Compared to the working class people, however, the professionals / administrators have a stronger tendency to maintain a closured social network while the small proprietors are more likely to form cross-class networks.? These findings can be explained by the relatively low degree of differentiation in Chinas social class structure and by the opportunities and constraints faced by people in the different classes. 一、研究主题文献回顾 作为探讨社会结构的两种不同范式，社会网络分析和阶级阶层分析是相互对立、相互替代抑或是相互补充、相互完善的，学术界一直存在着争论（Mitchell, 1969, 1973：15-36；Blau, 1982）。社会阶级阶层被界定为人们在不同位置上的分布。这种位置研究方法将社会描述为由相互隔离或断裂的、彼此不联系的、具有不同利益和拥有不同资源的群体组成的结构。阶级分析将财产、权威和技能视为不同的资源，并用它们来界定当代资本主义社会的阶级界限（Wright, 1997）。与此相比较，以网络分析为代表的关系研究方法集中建立在阶级类别基础上的个人和群体之间的正式或非正式的社会联系，其焦点在于确认社会关系的模式评估社会网络位置内部和之间社会联系的程度。社会网络分析强调资源调用---这是阶级封闭的一种关键机制---的动态过程。与阶级阶层分析相比，社会网络分析是一种更具包容性的研究策略，它超越了的位置分析，转向探讨位置之间的社会关系和社会距离（Bian et al., 2003）。借用米切尔（Mitchell，1973）和布劳（Blau，1982）的说法，笔者也认为网络分析和阶级阶层分析幷不是相互对立和相互替代的研究范式，而是相互补充和相互完善的两种各具优势的理论模型。阶层趋同性异质性跨越阶层界限的网络选择等运用社会的机会与限制理论从阶级阶层的视角分析人们的社会网络构成模