生物核心知识。（Biological core knowledge.）.docVIP

生物核心知识。（Biological core knowledge.） Structure and function of cell membrane The life activities of organisms are mainly based on cells. The cell surface has a cell membrane that separates each cell from its surroundings, maintains a relatively stable intracellular environment and has the function of protecting cells. At the same time, cells and the surrounding environment constantly exchange and transport, mainly rely on the cell membrane. In addition, the various metabolic activities in living cells are closely related to the structure and function of the cell membrane. Molecular structure of cell membrane Studying the chemical composition of cell membrane, mostly using animal cell, red blood cell, nerve medulla as the research material. Through chemical analysis of these cell membranes, it is known that the cell membrane is mainly a membrane composed of phospholipids and proteins. In different cell membranes, the ratio of phospholipids to proteins is different. To observe the cell membrane, it is only under the electron microscope that we can really see a film about 80 x 10-10m thick. The cell membrane has three layers, the inner and outer layers, and the middle layer. Specifically, in the middle of the membrane is the phospholipid bilayer (pictured) that actually contains two layers of phospholipid molecules, the basic scaffold of the cell membrane, which supports many protein molecules. Outside of some protein molecules arranged in a bilayer, embedded in the surface layer of the membrane, another class of protein molecules, some are inserted into the lipid bilayer, some even throughout the phospholipid bilayer. Protein molecules distributed on the surface of the phospholipid bilayer and are inserted and inserted throughout the protein molecules are heterogeneous and asymmetric. The phospholipid and protein molecules that make up the cell membrane are mostly mobile, not stationary. The structural characteristics of the cell membrane are important for its complete