第十六章 杂环化合物、生物碱（The sixteenth chapter, heterocyclic compounds, alkaloids）.docVIP

第十六章 杂环化合物、生物碱（The sixteenth chapter, heterocyclic compounds, alkaloids） The sixteenth chapter, heterocyclic compounds, alkaloids The definition of heterocyclic compounds: in cyclic organic compounds, the atoms that make up the ring contain other atoms besides carbon atoms, which are called heterocyclic compounds (heterocyclic, compound). Other atoms other than carbon are called heteroatom. Common heteroatom are nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Classification and nomenclature of heterocyclic compounds Classification According to the size of the ring and the number of rings, it can be divided into: Two, naming 1, according to foreign language transliteration, transliteration: the homophonic word mouth Chinese characters, plus adjacent said heterocyclic. Nomenclature of substituted heterocycles: The number of heterocyclic rings is 1,2,3, followed by atoms (or: alpha, beta, gamma,...). If there are more than one heteroatom on the ring, the numbers are numbered in the order of O, S, and N. Two of the same heteroatom should be numbered starting with a H atom or substituent. The number that heteroatom substituents or order and minimum. The thick heterocyclic ring is a specific parent and fixed number. 2. Name the structure: It is named after the carbon ring corresponding to the heterocycle, and the heterocycle is regarded as the carbon atom in the corresponding carbon ring formed by substitution of heteroatom. For example, pyridine can be thought of as a replacement of a carbon atom on a benzene ring by a nitrogen atom, so it is called aza benzene. Second section, a miscellaneous five membered heterocyclic compound A typical five membered heterocycle with a heteroatom is furan, thiophene, and pyrrole. Structure of furan, thiophene and pyrrole 1, according to modern physics methods: Furan, thiophene and pyrrole are all planar five membered ring structures, that is, the four C atoms and one heteroatom of the ring are all bonded by SP2 hybridized orbitals. The P orbital of each