植物学 绪论（Botanical introduction）.doc

植物学 绪论（Botanical introduction） (1) the origin of life on earth 1- creationism; 2- says naturally; 3- theory of extra terrestrial origin. It is generally accepted that the process of chemical evolution of pre life is produced by non living substances, and has been extended for a long time until now, namely, the evolutionary origin of life. (two) division of the biological community For biological division, the following systems appear: 1. The two boundary system: In eighteenth Century, Lin Nai, a Swedish botanist (C.Linnaeus) divided the world of biology into two kingdoms, whether they were motile or sessile, swallowed or autotrophic. The two bounded system of Animal Kingdom (Animalis) (motile, heterotrophic); Plant kingdom (Plantae) (sessile, with cell walls, autotrophic). 2 three system: Before and after nineteenth Century, due to the extensive use of microscopes, it was found that some organisms have both the characteristics of moving plants. On 1886 by Hucker (E.Haeckel) proposed three system, put out pigment body, starting point, flagella, single cells can swim lower plants as an independent community, join the protista. Protista (Protista) fungi, algae, Spirogyra Plant three system Animal kingdom 3. The four or five boundary system of Wei tec In 1959, Whittaker of the United States isolated fungi from the plant kingdom and proposed a system of four kingdoms, protista Four boundary system plant kingdom Kingdom of fungi (Fungi) Animal kingdom In 1969, Whittaker of the United States separated bacteria and cyanobacteria from native kingdoms and divided the biological world into five systems: The kingdom of prokaryotes (Monera) (cyanobacteria, bacteria) protista Five boundary system plant kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animal kingdom 4. The six boundary system: In 1979, Chen Shixiang divided the biological system into 3 new systems of six boundaries, based on the main stages of life evolution. Viruses Bacterial kingdom Six Kingdom system blue-green algae community Vegetable