行政法学研究2010.pdf

《行政法学研究》2010 年第 1 期，人大复印资料 2010 年七 月全文转载 行政法上自然正义理论初探 ———以英美法为考察对象 唐汇西 戴建华∗ 摘要：自然正义是英国法治的核心概念，亦是英国自古即已存在之古老概念，它 起源于自然法的理念，经过长期的历史发展而成为英国普通法上的一项基本原 则。自然正义是关于公正行使权力的“最低限度”的程序要求。它包涵两个主要 原则，即任何人就自己的诉讼不得自任裁判官；任何人的辩护必须被公平的听取。 其核心思想是公平听证规则和避免偏私原则。英国所谓的自然正义相当于美国的 正当程序原则。他们比较类似，适用情形也相仿，但是，它们之间也存在着差别。 自然正义作为行政法上之一般性原则，是确保程序正义在行政权力运行中得以实 现的重要保障，即行政权力的运行必须符合最低限度的程序公正的标准。根据自 然正义，我们可以导出自然正义包括行政公开、行政听证、行政回避以及说明理 由等制度。自然正义原则不仅是形式正义的实现，更是积极追求个案的实质正义 性。 关键词：自然正义 正当法律程序 普通法 Preliminary Study on Theory of Natural Justice in Administrative Law Taking Anglo-American Law as Investigation Object TANG Hui-xi, DAI Jian-hua Abstract: Being the core of the rule of law in the U.K., natural justice is an antique concept, which originated from natural law and developed into a basic principle in English common law. Natural justice is the lowest procedure requirement of fair exertion of power, including two major principles that are Nemo Judex in Sua Causa and Audi Alteram Partem , and its key ideas are principles of fair hearing and against bias. Though the above natural justice in U.K. seems equal to the due process in U.S.A. in aspects of feature and application, there exist differences. Natural justice, as a general principle in administrative law, is the vital guarantee of procedural justice in administrative power exercising, i.e. administrative power exercising must conform to the lowest standard of fair procedure, which can be subsequently divided into systems of administrative openness, administrative hearing, administrative avoidance, giving reasons, etc. Therefore, natural justice is not only the procedural justice under due process, but also the substantial justice in individual cases. Ke