总供给理论 TT.pptVIP

两边减去（1-s）P，得： 两边除以s，解出物价总水平： 有伸缩性价格企业的价格 价格黏性企业的价格 经过代数整理可以把总定价方程式变为： 式中，价格黏性模型说明产出与自然率的背离和物价水平与预期物价水平的背离是正相关的。 总结与含义 第一个模型假设名义工资是黏性的 第二个模型假设有关价格的信息是不完全的 第三个模型假设价格是黏性的 三个模型不是互相排斥的，尽管这三个总供给模型在其假设和重点上不同，但它们对总产出的含义是相似的。三个模型都可以概括为以下方程式： 上式说明，产出与自然率的背离是同物价水平与预期物价水平的背离相关的 如果物价水平高于预期的物价水平，产出大于自然率 如果物价水平低于预期的物价水平，产出小于自然率 短期总供给曲线SRAS是根据一个给定的预期 画出的， 的变动使该曲线移动 [The textbook does a fall in AD (Figure 9-5 on p.246); these slides do an increase.] Notice that the results in this graph are exactly as we learned in chapters 3-8: a change in the money supply affects the price level, but not the quantity of output. Here, we are seeing these results on a graph with different variables on the axes (P and Y), but it’s the same model. Notice that the results in this graph are exactly as we learned in chapters 3-8: a change in the money supply affects the price level, but not the quantity of output. Here, we are seeing these results on a graph with different variables on the axes (P and Y), but it’s the same model. [The textbook (Figure 9-7 on p.248) does a decrease in AD, these slides do an increase.] What about the unemployment rate? Remember from chapter 2: Okun’s law says that unemployment and output are negatively related. In the graph here, in order for firms to increase output, they require more workers. Employment rises, and the unemployment rate falls. * * I’ve included Figure 13-1 as a “hidden slide” in case you wish to “unhide” and include it in your presentation. This figure uses graphs to derive the aggregate supply curve under the assumption of sticky wages. As you can see, three-panel diagrams do not translate well to the big screen. Fortunately, though, most students readily grasp the intuition on the preceding slide, which sums up as follows: if the nominal wage is fixed, then increases in the price level cause the real wage to fall, which causes firms to hire more workers and produce more output. * * * “ ” “ ” 总供给 长期：垂直的总供给曲线