管理第2章牛顿定律.pdfVIP

力学 易凡 wdyifan@163.com 力学 第二章 牛顿运动定 第二章 牛顿运动定 律 律 2.1 牛顿定律  Aristotle (384-322 BC) • The moving body comes to a standstill when the force which pushes it along can no longer so act as to push it.  Galileo (1564-1642) • Every body perseveres in its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a right line, unless it is impelled to change that state by forces impressed thereon.  Newton (1642-1727) • An impressed force is an action exerted upon a body, in order to change its state, either of rest, or of moving uniformly forward in a right line. • This force consists in the action only; and remains no longer in the body, when the action is over. For a body maintains every new state it acquires, by its vis inertiae only. Impressed forces are of different origins; as from percussion, from pressure, from centripetal force. The law of inertia Newton’s first law reads: Every body persists in its state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line unless it is compelled to change that state by forces impressed on it. 2.1 牛顿定律 一 .惯性与惯性定律  牛顿第一定律（惯性公理） • 任何物体，只要没有外力改变它的状态，便会永 远保持静止或匀速直线运动的状态。  牛顿第一定律的意义： 1. “惯性定律”是对大量事实观察与实验事实的理想化抽象和 理论概括。它本身不能被证明或推导出来 2. “惯性”和 “力”两个重要概念。 • 力－迫使物体改变运动状态的一种作用 • 惯性－物体具有保持静止或匀速直线运动状态的属性 3. 定义了惯性系。 “惯性定律”仅在惯性系成立，一定存在这 样的参考系，在该系中，所有不受力的物体都保持自己的速 度不变。这类参考系，称为惯性参考系，或称惯性系。 即：惯性定律断言，惯性系一定存在。  较好的惯性系：  地球系 • 地球绕太阳公转加速度 ~ 5.9×10－3 m/s2 －2 2 • 地球自转加速度 ~ 3.4×10 m/s  太阳系 • FK4系： 选定1535颗恒星平均静止位形作为基准的 参照系 二 . 牛顿第二定律 二 . 牛顿第二定律