体表标志（Surface marker）.docVIP

体表标志（Surface marker） (1) important bony landmarks in the skull; The head is bounded by the upper orbital margin, the upper border of the zygomatic arch, and the upper border of the outer ear to the mastoid, and is divided into the posterior, anterior, and lower facial regions. The bony landmarks of the skull have important clinical implications for understanding the corresponding intracranial structures, especially the important functional areas of the brain tissue, so as to avoid or minimize injury during craniotomy. 1. eyebrow bow superciliary arch: arched rising above the supraorbital margin, where the skin has eyebrows. The brow arch fits the lower edge of the frontal lobe of the brain. 2. glaballa: the midpoint between two eyebrows eyebrow. 3. frontal tuber: the amount of nodules outside the frontal projection. The deep part fits the middle frontal gyrus of cerebrum. 4. zygomatic arch: the zygomatic arch composed of zygomatic and temporal process of temporal zygomatic, zygomatic arch flat on the edge of the lower edge of the equivalent of front hemisphere temporal lobe. The midpoint between the moon and the mandibular notch margin of zygomatic arch, as the entry point, and closed the masseter nerve mandibular nerve block anesthesia. 5. pterion: a pterional zygomatic arch above the midpoint of about 3.8 cm, as the frontal and parietal, temporal bone, butterfly four confluence, the majority showed H type, a N shaped. Pterion inner surface of the anterior branch of middle meningeal artery through here, suffered a violent blow, the fracture fragments may hurt the arteries, the formation of epidural hematoma. 6. Star: at the back of the skull, the occipital, apical and temporal three bones converge at the top of the mastoid root. It corresponds to 1.5 cm above the upper edge of the outer ear and the outer occipital protuberance, about 3.5 cm after the central point of the external auditory canal. Star to turn for the transverse sigmoid sinus. 7. mastoid mastoid proc