comparison of the mechanisms of drug resistance among hiv, hepatitis b, and hepatitis c比较抗药性机制的艾滋病毒,乙型肝炎和丙型肝炎.pdfVIP

Viruses 2010, 2, 2696-2739; doi:10.3390/v2122696 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Review Comparison of the Mechanisms of Drug Resistance among HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C Severine Margeridon-Thermet and Robert W. Shafer * Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; E-Mails: severine@ (S.M.T.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: rshafer@; Tel.: +1-650-725-2946; Fax: +1-650-725-2088. Received: 24 October 2010: in revised form: 15 November2010 / Accepted: 7 December 2010 / Published: 14 December 2010 Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are the most prevalent deadly chronic viral diseases. HIV is treated by small molecule inhibitors. HBV is treated by immunomodulation and small molecule inhibitors. HCV is currently treated primarily by immunomodulation but many small molecules are in clinical development. Although HIV is a retrovirus, HBV is a double-stranded DNA virus, and HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus, antiviral drug resistance complicates the development of drugs and the successful treatment of each of these viruses. Although their replication cycles, therapeutic targets, and evolutionary mechanisms are different, the fundamental approaches to identifying and characterizing HIV, HBV, and HCV drug resistance are similar. This review describes the evolution of HIV, HBV, and HCV within individuals and populations and t