国家分合交替之谜（The mystery of national division and alternation）.docVIP

国家分合交替之谜（The mystery of national division and alternation） On the rise and fall of the national division, alternate mystery Article author: Xu Pingzhong The Three Kingdoms and the first sentence said, saying that the world trend, long hours. From the Warring States to the Opium War, China experienced a total of three divisions and three grand unified, which is the Warring States to split the unification of Qin and Han Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties unified division to southern and Northern Dynasties, the Five Dynasties Song Jinliao split into a unified yuan of the Ming and Qing dynasties. The rise and fall of Chinese and national division of alternation is very obvious. The traditional class struggle paradigm is powerless to explain how history emerged. To understand Chinese history, we need to make innovations in methodology. The American economist Douglas North (who won the Nobel prize for economics in 1993) has created a method for us to elucidate the historical process with the principle of economics. In the following, we apply the principles of economics to construct a paradigm of public goods and explain the characteristics of the cycle of Chinese history. First, the theory of public goods The so-called public goods refers to goods and services provided by the government, such as national defense, transportation and legislation, which are not traded through the market. These goods and services also have production costs. Public goods are technically or economically non exclusive. For example, it is not possible to state those who do not want to exclude defense funded by the residents in the consumer, this is a non exclusive technology; also, the building of a closed highway, it can easily be used to exclude funds, but to build a unpaved road to use it, to rule out is not funded, it is necessary to increase the facilities and hire personnel in charge of, in the economy is obviously uneconomical, the economy is not exclusive. Public goods are also non competiti