原创力文档a mid-cretaceous origin of sociality in xylocopine bees with only two origins of true worker castes indicates severe barriers to eusociality社会性的起源mid-cretaceous xylocopine蜜蜂只有两个真正的工人阶层的起源表明真社会性严重障碍.pdfVIP
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a mid-cretaceous origin of sociality in xylocopine bees with only two origins of true worker castes indicates severe barriers to eusociality社会性的起源mid-cretaceous xylocopine蜜蜂只有两个真正的工人阶层的起源表明真社会性严重障碍
A Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Sociality in Xylocopine Bees
with Only Two Origins of True Worker Castes Indicates
Severe Barriers to Eusociality
1,2 ¤ 1,3 1
Sandra M. Rehan * , Remko Leys , Michael P. Schwarz
1 School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia, 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St.
Catharines, Ontario, Canada, 3 Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australia Museum, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
Abstract
The origin of sterile worker castes, resulting in eusociality, represents one of the major evolutionary transitions in the history
of life. Understanding how eusociality has evolved is therefore an important issue for understanding life on earth. Here we
show that in the large bee subfamily Xylocopinae, a simple form of sociality was present in the ancestral lineage and there
have been at least four reversions to purely solitary nesting. The ancestral form of sociality did not involve morphological
worker castes and maximum colony sizes were very small. True worker castes, entailing a life-time commitment to non-
reproductive roles, have evolved only twice, and only one of these resulted in discrete queen-worker morphologies. Our
results indicate extremely high barriers to the evolution of eusociality. Its origins are likely to have required very unusual life-
history and ecological circumstances, rather than the amount of time that selection can operate on more simple forms of
sociality.
Citation: Rehan SM, Leys R, Schwarz MP (2012) A Mid-Cretaceous Origin of Sociality in Xylocopine Bees with Only Two Origins of True Worker Castes Indicates
Severe Barriers to Eusociality. PLoS ONE 7(4): e34690. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034690
Editor: Gro V. Amdam, Arizon
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