risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study先天性隐睾症的危险因素在未来出生队列研究.pdfVIP

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risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study先天性隐睾症的危险因素在未来出生队列研究.pdf

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risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study先天性隐睾症的危险因素在未来出生队列研究

Risk Factors for Congenital Cryptorchidism in a Prospective Birth Cohort Study 1 1 1,3 Ida N. Damgaard *, Tina K. Jensen , The Nordic Cryptorchidism Study Group, Jørgen H. Petersen , Niels E. Skakkebæk1, Jorma Toppari1,2, Katharina M. Main1 1 University Department of Growth and Reproduction, GR-5064 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2 Department of Physiology and Pediatrics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland, 3 Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark Abstract Background: Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism were investigated in a prospective birth cohort study in Denmark and Finland from 1997 to 2001. Methodology and Principal Findings: In total, 2,496 boys were examined for cryptorchidism at birth (cryptorchid/healthy: 128/2,368) and three months old (33/2,215). Information on risk factors was obtained antenatally (questionnaire/interview) or at birth from birth records. Use of nicotine substitutes during pregnancy (n = 40) and infertility treatment by intrauterine insemination (n = 49) were associated with an increased risk for cryptorchidism, adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (OR (95%CI)) 3.04 (95%CI 1.00–9.27) and 3.01 (95%CI 1.27–7.15), respectively. No association was seen for mothers (n = 79) who had infertility treatment in form of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment (OR 0.71 95%CI 0.21–2.38). In total, 728 (29%) reported to have smoked during pregnancy, however, no increased risk among maternal smokers was found. Furthermore, we found statistically significant associations between cryptorchidism and low birth weight, p