生物大分子晶体学基础（I）2016.PPT

H 取向（三方及六方晶系）坐标系中的一些主要晶面指数和晶棱指数 六方和三方晶系H取向的三个坐标轴取向 在特定坐标中晶面ABC及其法线OP 晶棱[213]在晶轴 a, b, c中的方向。 立方晶系的一些主要晶面指数和晶棱指数 点群6mm中一般位置和特殊位置等效点系 单形：斜方柱 单形：平行双面 单形：平行双面 * ...Already during the first tests it was established that not even the strongest magnetic fields were able to alter the direction of the rays. It was equally impossible to prove the existence of a refraction on transfer of the rays from one medium to another. If the X-rays were of a corpuscular nature they could not, therefore, be carriers of an electrical charge, as is the case with other known rays of corpuscular nature. If, therefore, we wish to disregard matter which has no electrical charge, it is necessary to assume that the particles, whose motion is characteristic for the X-rays, bear two charges of opposite sign, one of which neutralizes the other. On the other hand, from the fact that there was no evidence of refraction of the X-rays, it was possible to assume that, should they consist of a transverse wave motion - as is the case with light waves - the relevant wavelength would have to be very small, as for very small wavelengths, according to the theory of dispersion of light, the refractive index would approach unity. von Laue placed a research medium of the highest import at the disposal of science by virtue of his epoch-making discovery of the interference of X-rays and, at the same time, proved that X-rays, as is the case with light rays, consist of progressive transversal waves. * It was consequently a discovery of epoch-making significance when W.L. Bragg found out that the phenomenon could be treated mathematically as a reflection by the successive parallel planes that may be placed so as to pass through the lattice points, and that in this way the ratio between the wavelengths and the distances of the said planes from each other can be calculated by a simple formula from the angle of reflection...It was only by means of that simplification of the mathematical method that it became possible