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Viruses 2011, 3, 1312-1319; doi:10.3390/v3081312 OPEN ACCESS viruses ISSN 1999-4915 /journal/viruses Commentary Origin of XMRV and its Demise as a Human Pathogen Associated with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Oliver Hohn and Norbert Bannert * Center for HIV and Retrovirology, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; E-Mail: HohnO@rki.de * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: BannertN@rki.de; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2549; Fax: +49-30-18754-2334. Received: 23 June 2011; in revised form: 4 July 2011 / Accepted: 14 July 2011 / Published: 27 July 2011 Abstract: Retroviruses are well known pathogens of mammals, birds and fish. Their potential to induce cancer in chickens was already described almost 100 years ago and murine retroviruses have been a subject of study for 50 years. The first human retroviruses, HTLV and HIV, were discovered more than 30 years ago, surprising researchers and physicians by the profound differences in the diseases they cause. HTLV-1 is able to induce, after decades of infection, lymphomas/leukemia or neuroimmune disorders whereas untreated HIV infection leads almost inevitably to AIDS. The recently described XMRV (xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus) appeared to possess many of the features known for HTLV and was regarded by some to be the third human retrovirus. However, recent publications by Knox et