sar-based wind resource statistics in the baltic sea在波罗的海sar-based风力资源统计.pdfVIP

Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 117-144; doi:10.3390/rs3010117 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 /journal/remotesensing Article SAR-Based Wind Resource Statistics in the Baltic Sea Charlotte B. Hasager *, Merete Badger, Alfredo Peña, Xiaoli G. Larsén and Ferhat Bingöl Wind Energy Division, Risø DTU, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; E-Mails: mebc@risoe.dtu.dk (M.B.); aldi@risoe.dtu.dk (A.P.); xgal@risoe.dtu.dk (X.L.); febi@risoe.dtu.dk (F.B.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: cbha@risoe.dtu.dk; Tel.: +45-4677-5014; Fax: +45-4677-5970. Received: 16 November 2010; in revised form: 22 December 2010 / Accepted: 31 December 2010 / Published: 11 January 2011 Abstract: Ocean winds in the Baltic Sea are expected to power many wind farms in the coming years. This study examines satellite Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from Envisat ASAR for mapping wind resources with high spatial resolution. Around 900 collocated pairs of wind speed from SAR wind maps and from 10 meteorological masts, established specifically for wind energy in the study area, are compared. The statistical results comparing in situ wind speed and SAR-based wind speed show a root mean square error of 1.17 m s−1, bias of −0.25 m s−1, standard deviation of 1.88 m s−1 and correlation coefficient of R2 0.783. Wind directions from a global atmospheric model, interpolated in time and space, are used as input to the geophysical model function CMOD-5 for SAR wind