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Water 2012, 4, 460-473; doi:10.3390/w4020460 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 /journal/water Article Scenario Analysis of Nutrient Removal from Municipal Wastewater by Microalgal Biofilms Nadine C. Boelee 1,2,3,*, Hardy Temmink 1,2, Marcel Janssen 3, Cees J. N. Buisman 1,2 and René H. Wijffels 3 1 Wetsus—Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900 CC, The Netherlands; E-Mails: hardy.temmink@wur.nl (H.T.); cees.buisman@wur.nl (C.B.) 2 Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands 3 Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, Wageningen 6700 EV, The Netherlands; E-Mails: marcel.janssen@wur.nl (M.J.); rene.wijffels@wur.nl (R.W.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: nadine.boelee@wetsus.nl; Tel.: +31-58-2843000; Fax: +31-58-2843001. Received: 27 February 2012; in revised form: 27 March 2012 / Accepted: 13 April 2012 / Published: 27 April 2012 Abstract: Microalgae can be used for the treatment of municipal wastewater. The application of microalgal biofilms in wastewater treatment systems seems attractive, being able to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and COD from wastewater at a short hydraulic retention time. This study therefore investigates the area requirement, achieved effluent concentrations and biomass production of a hypothetical large-scale microalgal biofilm s