seasonal abundance of aphids and aphidophagous insects in pecan季节性的蚜虫和aphidophagous昆虫在山核桃.pdfVIP

Insects 2012, 3, 1257-1270; doi:10.3390/insects3041257 OPEN ACCESS insects ISSN 2075-4450 /journal/insects/ Article Seasonal Abundance of Aphids and Aphidophagous Insects in Pecan James D. Dutcher 1,*, Haider Karar 2 and Ghulam Abbas 3 1 Entomology Department, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA 31793, USA 2 Entomological Research Sub-Station, Old Shujabad Road, Multan 60000, Pakistan; E-Mail: haider853@ 3 Pest Warning Quality Control of Pesticides, Punjab, Khanewal 58150, Pakistan; E-Mail: drabbas18@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: dutch88@; Tel.: +1-229-386-3567; Fax: +1-229-386-3086. Received: 15 August 2012; in revised form: 29 October 2012 / Accepted: 27 November 2012 / Published: 5 December 2012 Abstract: Seasonal occurrence of aphids and aphidophagous insects was monitored for six years from full leaf expansion in May to leaf fall in October variety pecan trees that were not treated with insecticides. Aphid outbreaks occurred two times per season, once in the spring and again in the late summer. Yellow pecan and blackmargined aphids exceeded the recommended treatment thresholds one time and black pecan aphids exceeded the recommended treatment levels three times over the six seasons. Increases in aphidophagous insect abundance coincided with aphid outbreaks in five of the six seasons. Among aphidophagous insects Harmonia axyridis and Olla v-nigrum were frequently collected in both the tr