第十讲人际交往与社会影响.ppt

第十讲 人际交往与社会影响 第一节 人际交往概述 一、人际交往的理论 1.人际需要三维理论 W.Schutz认为,每一个个体在人际互动过程中,都有三种基本的需要,即包容需要、支配需要和情感需要。这三种基本的人际需要决定了个体在人际交往中所采用的行为,以及如何描述、解释和预测他人行为。三种基本需要的形成与个体的早期成长经验密切相关。 2.社会交换理论 Social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. According to this theory, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. When the risks outweigh the rewards, people will terminate or abandon that relationship. Homan’ Perspective people will do things that are rewarding the more similar a situation is to one from the past, the more likely actions that were rewarded will be performed now rewards gain value when deprived (and vice versa) failure to get rewards expected = anger getting rewards not expected = happiness the frequency of a person doing an action depends on the value of the outcome and probability of getting it Behavior (Profits) = Rewards of interaction - Costs of Interaction. Satisfaction Satisfaction = (Rewards - Cost) - Comparison Level REWARDS = anything that a person gains from a relation 6 main rewards: love, money, status, info, goods, services COSTS = negative consequences of a relation time, energy Criticisms : Assumes humans act rationally when deciding on an exchange Some issues are difficult to explain effectively utilizing exchange theory such as altruism Valuing self-interest Limited to dyadic relationships Difficult to have a personal approach to situations The theory assumes that the ultimate goal of a relationship is intimacy when this might not always be the case. Theory reduces human interaction to purely rational process that arise from economic theory 第二节 群体及其对个人行为的影响 一、群体的一般特性 1.群体规范(team norms) Team Norm: Informal rules and expectations team establishes to regulate member behaviors团队调整成员行为的非正式规则与期望 群体规范作用：对于群体及其成员支柱作用、评价标准的作用、提供动力的作用和行为矫正功能。 2.群体凝聚力(cohesiveness) 群体内聚力： Degre