牲畜生殖内分泌学.ppt

Smooth muscle contraction Muscle protein: myosin and actin Calmodulin activates MLC kinase Calcium- Calmodulin MLC kinase inactive myosin light chain contractions actomyosin complex (M*-ATP) + A ---- (M*-ADP-A) + Pi (M*-ADP-A) ----- (M-A) + ADP Smooth muscle contraction 1. Calcium ions come from outside of the cell. 2. Calcium ions bind to calmodulin-MLCK complex on myosin. 3. The enzyme complex breaks up ATP into ADP and transfers the Pi directly to myosin. 4. This Pi transfer activates myosin. 5. Myosin forms cross-bridges with actin. 6. When calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by phosphatase. 7. The myosin becomes inactive, and the muscle relaxes. The top view shows a relaxed smooth muscle cell.? Note the focal densities and the network of actin and myosin filaments. ? When contracted, the filaments slide together and pull the cell to a more rounded appearance. Smooth muscle contraction Calmodulin is one of the primary receptors of intracellular calcium. 4 Ca2+ bind to calmodulin. At each binding site, Ca interacts with oxygen atoms, mainly glutamate and aspartase side-chain carboxyl group. Calmodulin mediates processes such as inflammation, metabolism, apoptosis, muscle contraction, nerve growth, immune response…. Parturition Actions of estrogens contractile protein synthesis↑ receptors of oxytocin and PGF2α ↑ calmodulin synthesis↑ MLC kinase activity ↑ gap junctions ↑ Parturition Actions of progesterone gap junctions↓ receptors of oxytocin and PGF2α ↓ synthesis of oxytocin and PGF2α ↓ calmodulin binding↑ Parturition Actions of oxytocin dependent on progesterone↓, estrogens↑ stimulation of receptors in the anterior vagina and cervix oxytocin release increasing PG release increasing Ca2+ release Clinical aspects of reproductive endocrinology Steroid hormone concentrations are lower in animals than in human. (estrogens 1/10) Progesterone analysis give the most useful information on the reprod